Innovations in Neuropsychology: Future Applications in Neurosurgical Patient Care.

Over the last century, collaboration between clinical neuropsychologists and neurosurgeons has advanced the state of the science in both disciplines. These advances have provided the field of neuropsychology with many opportunities for innovation in the care of patients prior to, during, and following neurosurgical intervention. Beyond giving a general overview of how present-day advances in technology are being applied in the practice of neuropsychology within a neurological surgery department, this article outlines new developments that are currently unfolding. Improvements in remote platform, computer interface, "real-time" analytics, mobile devices, and immersive virtual reality have the capacity to increase the customization, precision, and accessibility of neuropsychological services. In doing so, such innovations have the potential to improve outcomes and ameliorate health care disparities.

Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620-1695): A review of his contributions to neuropsychology on the quadricentennial of his birth.

The effects of brain damage on behavior have been reported by authors from the Greek, Roman, Medieval, Renaissance, and seventeenth-century medical traditions. However, few of the reported cases discussed mind-brain relationships, even fewer reported data that offered a description of cognitive functions, and none described a clear association of a functional mechanism of cognitive impairment with identifiable focal brain damage. An exception is found in the case studies by Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620-1695). After reviewing the pre-seventeenth-century background and Wepfer's milieu, we analyze his texts on neuroanatomy, apoplexy, and brain vascularization (Observationes anatomicae ex cadaveribus eorum, quos sustulit apoplexia cum exercitatione de ejus loco affecto) and his remarkable collection of 222 neurological cases (Observationes medico-practicae de affectibus capitis internis & externis), posthumously published in 1727. We focus on his reports concerning on the presence of aphasia, memory disorders, and unilateral neglect, correlated with focal brain damage, with particular emphasis on his examination of language impairments.

In memory of Paul Green, PhD.

The manuscript describes the important research and practice contributions of Paul Green PhD. The manuscript also expresses the sadness of all who knew Dr. Green at his untimely demise.

[Alexander Romanovich Luria (1902-1977). Part I. The psychologist]. / Alexandre Romanovitch Luria (1902-1977). Partie I. Le psychologue.

Starting with an overview of AR Luria's biography, we will present his works in general psychology which are key to his conception of neuropsychology (this will be developed in a forthcoming paper). We will focus on the construction of the historical and cultural theory of psychology developed with LS Vygotski, according to which, in man, the natural mental activities, related to the genetic evolution and shared by all humankind, are transformed into higher cortical functions (that is conscious and voluntary activities) through the mediation of language and the products of social activity, thus differ according to the development of societies. We review the Luria's studies devoted to support the theory in his expeditions in Central Asia, his studies in twins and intellectual disabled children, and the demonstration of the role of speech in the child development of the higher mental activities and regulation of behavior.

Under the Mind's Hood: What We Have Learned by Watching the Brain at Work.

Imagine you were asked to investigate the workings of an engine, but to do so without ever opening the hood. Now imagine the engine fueled the human mind. This is the challenge faced by cognitive neuroscientists worldwide aiming to understand the neural bases of our psychological functions. Luckily, human ingenuity comes to the rescue. Around the same time as the Society for Neuroscience was being established in the 1960s, the first tools for measuring the human brain at work were becoming available. Noninvasive human brain imaging and neurophysiology have continued developing at a relentless pace ever since. In this 50 year anniversary, we reflect on how these methods have been changing our understanding of how brain supports mind.

But can they learn? My accidental discovery of learning and memory in C. elegans.

I did not set out to study C. elegans. My undergraduate and graduate training was in Psychology. My postdoctoral work involved studying learning and memory in 1 mm diameter juvenile Aplysia californica. As a starting Assistant Professor when I attempted to continue my studies on Aplysia I encountered barriers to carrying out that work; at about the same time I was introduced to Caenorhabditis elegans and decided to investigate whether they could learn and remember. My laboratory was the first to demonstrate conclusively that C. elegans could learn and in the years since then my lab and many others have demonstrated that C. elegans is capable of a variety of forms of learning and memory.

Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Independent Practice: Shane S. Bush.

The Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Independent Practice is intended to recognize outstanding independent practitioners in psychology. The award is given to a psychologist working in an area of clinical specialization, health services provision, or consulting, and services provided to any patient population or professional clientele in an independent setting. The 2019 recipient is Shane S. Smith. Director of Long Island Neuropsychology, P.C., and neuropsychologist with the VA New York Harbor Health Care System, Smith has developed and maintained a model independent practice that incorporates public service, service to private clientele, prolific authorship that includes more than 20 books and numerous articles and book chapters, and leadership of major professional organizations across a wide variety of specialty practice areas. Board-certified in multiple specialties, Dr. Bush is a visible yet accessible practitioner, mentor, and colleague whose novel practice model promotes a successful balance of professional leadership and involvement and direct service to clients that is rarely seen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

La rehabilitación neuropsicológica en el siglo XX / Neuropsychological rehabilitation in the 20th century

Introducción: Los primeros documentos que describen técnicas y procedimientos para mejorar el funcionamiento cognitivo de las personas con lesiones cerebrales datan del siglo XVII. Sin embargo, los gobiernos apenas muestran interés y destinan escasos recursos económicos, personales y materiales, posiblemente por la elevada tasa de mortalidad asociada a las lesiones cerebrales y la limitada esperanza de vida de quienes sobreviven. No es hasta el siglo XX cuando la rehabilitación neuropsicológica, como se concibe actualmente, da sus primeros pasos. Desarrollo: La evolución de la rehabilitación neuropsicológica en el transcurso del pasado siglo puede estructurarse en tres períodos: período constitutivo, período de expansión y período de consolidación. Los dos primeros se relacionan estrechamente con las intervenciones desarrolladas en tiempos de guerra (Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial, principalmente), y el período de consolidación, con la transferencia de los avances logrados en el ámbito militar a la población civil y la irrupción de las tecnologías digitales en rehabilitación cognitiva. Conclusiones: La historia de la rehabilitación neuropsicológica del siglo XX muestra dos grandes cambios conceptuales, ligados a profundos cambios en las políticas asistenciales desplegadas por diversos gobiernos occidentales. El primero tiene lugar durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, cuando, en respuesta al creciente número de veteranos con lesiones cerebrales, los gobiernos optan por crear centros de neurorrehabilitación. Y el segundo, en las décadas de los años sesenta y setenta, cuando distintos gobiernos transfieren y generalizan a la población civil los avances logrados en la esfera militar

Introduction: The first documents describing techniques and procedures to improve the cognitive functioning of people with brain injuries date back to the 17th century. Yet, governments show little interest in it and allocate scarce economic, personal and material resources, possibly because of the high mortality rate associated with brain injuries and the limited life expectancy of those who survive. It was not until the 20th century that neuropsychological rehabilitation, as it is conceived today, took its first steps. Development: The evolution of neuropsychological rehabilitation over the last century can be structured in three periods: establishment, expansion and consolidation. The first two are closely related to the procedures developed in times of war (mainly the First and Second World Wars), and the period of consolidation is linked with the transfer of the advances made in the military field to the civilian population and the advent of digital technologies in cognitive rehabilitation. Conclusions: The history of neuropsychological rehabilitation in the 20th century shows two major conceptual changes, linked to profound modifications in the welfare policies deployed by various Western governments. The first took place during the First World War, when, in response to the growing number of veterans with brain injuries, governments decided to set up neurorehabilitation centres. And the second occurred in the 60s and 70s, when different governments transferred and generalised the advances achieved in the military sphere to the civilian population

Shining a Light on Some of the Most Famous 19th and 20th Century's Neuropsychologists.

This chapter pays homage to the masters who made neuropsychology an esteemed and legitimate field in the 19th and 20th centuries. Here we offer a brief biography for each of them and an analysis of their discoveries: Théophile Alajouanine (1890-1980), Henry Charlton Bastian (1837-1915), Arthur L. Benton (1909-2006), Julian de Ajuriaguerra (1911-1993), Ennio De Renzi (1924-2016), Norman Geschwind (1926-1984), Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965), Henry Head (1861-1940), Henry Hécaen (1912-1983), Pierre Janet (1859-1947), François Lhermitte (1921-1998), Jean Lhermitte (1877-1959), Hugo Karl Liepmann (1863-1925), Heinrich Lissauer (1861-1891), Alexander Romanovich Luria (1902-1977), Brenda Milner (1918-), Théodule Ribot (1839-1916), Charles Richet (1850-1935), Paul Sollier (1861-1933), and Carl Wernicke (1848-1905).

The Discovery of Cerebral Specialization.

Of the main principles of human neuropsychology, the best known may be cerebral specialization: the left and right hemispheres play different roles in language and other higher-order functions. This chapter discusses when and how and by whom the differences were found. It begins with an account of Gall's cortical localization theory, which set the stage. It then describes the discoveries themselves, reviews how the differences were explained, and concludes with a summary of further developments.

Historical Pathway from Description of Cognitive Recovery to Formal Neuropsychological Rehabilitation.

Neuropsychological rehabilitation is one of the subspecialties of neuropsychology, along with neuropsychological assessment, cognitive process descriptions, and anatomo-functional correlation, but it is still frequently underrecognized, even from a historical point of view. In this chronological review, we propose following some of the historical descriptions of cognitive recovery, and the suggested procedures and therapies to improve this recovery from mythological periods and the antiquity to recent contemporary periods and the birth of formal neuropsychological rehabilitation in neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Alexander Bain's Mind and Body (1872): An underappreciated contribution to early neuropsychology.

Alexander Bain (1818-1903) is well known for his two influential textbooks, The senses and the intellect (1855) and The emotions and the will (1859). In comparison, Bain's Mind and body: The theories of their relation (1872) has been of limited interest to historians, and it is here where he presents one of the first neural network models. This paper addresses the historical foundations of Bain's neural network model and explores some of his primary influences. Additionally, this study addresses some of the reasons Bain's Mind and Body did not receive the historical notice his earlier works garnered.

A.R. Luria's Approach to Neuropsychological Assessment and Rehabilitation.

Luria is one of the most influential authors in cognitive neuroscience, and in particular neuropsychology. New scientific achievements and clinical observations have significantly supported many of his suggestions and hypotheses. The article describes the basic concepts of neuropsychological evaluation and rehabilitation, associated with the method of syndrome analysis developed by Luria for diagnosis mental function and focus in the qualitative interpretation of the results neuropsychological diagnosis. Luria is regarded as a pioneer in cognitive rehabilitation. His ideas have maintained relevance and have continued to be developed and analyzed. Luria is presented as one of the major founders of contemporary neuropsychology from the fundamental point of view and the clinical perspective. His influence has continued significantly during the 21st century.

Raíces de la palabra "neuropsicología" / The roots of the word "neuropsychology"

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